‘There goes the neighborhood’: The history of race and U.S. homeownership
As featured and adapted for my monthly Fair Housing Inman News Column.
Now, let's go back further than your days in middle school and examine a thorny time in our history that has warped Black homeownership to this day. Doc, Marty, channel the flux capacitor!
Slavery ended (hi, Juneteenth) and the former enslaved African descendants and slave masters lived happily ever after... is the fairytale ending that we wish were true but like all relationships, it was and is much more complicated.
Many Black families simply wanted a "seat at the lunch table" by being homeowners in the communities near their jobs. Yet, they were harshly deemed "invaders" (see the ad above) -- like Martians from out of this world rather than humans beings who were already contributing members to the community. And, it is no secret that invasions leave behind ruins... "There goes the neighborhood".
This invidious sentiment of "there goes the neighborhood" in reference to Black families (and at times to immigrants and their families) living among Whites was such a pervasive fear, it was codified among our now more inclusive association:
It was not until the Fair Housing Act of 1968 with its amendments in 1974 and 1988 that the tides began to slowly change. But, it is evident with the latest HUD report on Housing Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities and last year's Newsday Real Estate Exposé plus the examples below, even today we still have more work to do.
And Others
At long last, we can invite everyone to our "lunch table" by ensuring that all would-be home buyers, sellers, and tenants (particularly all underrepresented) receive standardized education about:
The tenets of Fair Housing,
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Can You Relate?
Friends, imagine hopping in a Delorean and going back to middle school as a student. It is your first day at a new school. The bell rings, flooding the hallway with gangly 'tweens headed to the cafeteria. You grab a tray of food and head to the first empty table you see. As you try to sit, you stumble because the chair is snatched from under you with an abrupt mumble, "This is reserved." You shrug compliantly and head to the next vacant seat. "Nooo. My friend is going to sit there," purrs another student. "Taken." "Get lost." "Keep it moving." Before long, you notice there is no place left for you to sit in the cafeteria. Eventually, you pull a chair from a classroom up to a lunch table but everyone at that table is told by the "lunch lady" and then the principal that they will lose lunch privileges if you are allowed to sit with them. Naturally, everyone at that table scatters like you have the dreaded middle school cooties. You become "Lonely Leslie the Loser" for which you are teased and bullied for the rest of the school year. Oh, what you wouldn't give to be welcomed at someone's lunch table! You would even share your favorite bag of chips and that is saying something. You are a student at this school, yet you have been treated as if you don't belong.
How would you feel?
Sadly, we know that such exclusion and bullying have driven some students to do desperate, harmful acts to themselves and/or others. Unfortunately, we do not become immune to being ostracized just because we are decade(s) removed from middle school. Hopefully, this illustration gives insight into the demoralizing nature of invidious, exclusionary treatment, particularly when it is enforced by the administrative powers that be, no matter our age.
When Our "Living" Was Labeled "Invading"
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| Reference: https://erenow.net/modern/color-of-law-forgotten-history/4.php |
Now, let's go back further than your days in middle school and examine a thorny time in our history that has warped Black homeownership to this day. Doc, Marty, channel the flux capacitor!
Slavery ended (hi, Juneteenth) and the former enslaved African descendants and slave masters lived happily ever after... is the fairytale ending that we wish were true but like all relationships, it was and is much more complicated.
Many Black families simply wanted a "seat at the lunch table" by being homeowners in the communities near their jobs. Yet, they were harshly deemed "invaders" (see the ad above) -- like Martians from out of this world rather than humans beings who were already contributing members to the community. And, it is no secret that invasions leave behind ruins... "There goes the neighborhood".
This invidious sentiment of "there goes the neighborhood" in reference to Black families (and at times to immigrants and their families) living among Whites was such a pervasive fear, it was codified among our now more inclusive association:
 |
| Reference: https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |
Adding fuel to the fire, explicit discrimination against Blacks and others was federally sanctioned with a heavy hand that penalized not only Blacks but those that dared to live among us:
1934 -- The newly created Federal Housing Administration (FHA) refused to insure mortgages in communities with even one Black household (some private and state entities like Bank of America and Prudential Life Insurance Company already practiced discrimination by denying qualified Black clients but the government upped the ante).
1936 -- The FHA Underwriting manual recommended deed restrictions (racial covenants) and redlined areas to exclude and segregate Blacks.
Envision having a stable, well-paying job with Ford Motor Company (giving you the financial means of your peers) but only having one option for housing. Housing that likely was in the least desirable areas of town due to pollution/toxics (due to proximity to factories and other work sites) and overcrowding. Housing that for you cost more than the going rate, which was compounded by being denied mortgage and insurance by both governmental and many private providers. Regrettably, many Black Americans did live this in even some of the most progressive American cities (like San Francisco) as the aftermath of these structural decisions (c.f. The Color of Law).
1944 & 1956 -- To add insult to injury, the Federal Highway Act was used to demolish close-knit Black communities, displacing families that were restricted from living elsewhere.
It was not until the Fair Housing Act of 1968 with its amendments in 1974 and 1988 that the tides began to slowly change. But, it is evident with the latest HUD report on Housing Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities and last year's Newsday Real Estate Exposé plus the examples below, even today we still have more work to do.
Despite Legalized Discrimination, We Tried to "Pull Ourselves Up by Our Bootstraps"
Out of the huts of history’s shame
I rise
Up from a past that’s rooted in pain
I rise
--Maya Angelou
Homeownership matters for everyone because it is often the single largest factor in wealth building that creates a generational legacy along with determining the public education quality of our children. But for American Blacks, there was more than legal hurdles at stake for land and learning. Livelihood and life itself were in jeopardy.
As some of the darkest moments in the recent past, you may know about the annihilation of Rosewood and Tulsa's Black Wall Street. But there are similar disheartening instances of industrious, "making lemonade out of damaged lemons" Black real estate communities mangled throughout America -- like:
Manhattan's confiscated land (you know what type of inheritance and generational wealth a Manhattan Central Park address could have offered),
And Others
Just to name only a few, the above signify discrimination at its worst with the refusal, dismantling, displacement, undue taxation and/or confiscation of the land of Black communities, where Black advancement was attempted even with meager resources from the table before obstructions.
Basically, the bully (discrimination) even took our boots.
“It's all right to tell a man to lift himself by his own bootstraps, but it is cruel jest to say to a bootless man that he ought to lift himself by his own bootstraps.”
― Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
“It's all right to tell a man to lift himself by his own bootstraps, but it is cruel jest to say to a bootless man that he ought to lift himself by his own bootstraps.”
― Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Have you ever seen someone throw one's best dinnerware at the wall out of frustration? In the heat of the moment, this reaction may feel vindicating but likely the person will regret the destruction inflicted on that favorite serving dish that may be irreplaceable. Likewise, to complicate matters after (inter)national atrocities (like the murders of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. up to the recent George Floyd), some Blacks have aired our frustrations and pain through the destruction of our own neighborhoods (as seen in the self-inflicted riots of 1968 up to 2020).
But make no mistake, all of this destruction no matter by whose hands, is an outflow of the egregious de jure and de facto disregard for and discrimination against Black peoples' pursuit of property, life, and happiness.
Literally, there went the neighborhoods.
This Moment Feels Different
Resources at the government and private level have been offered at predatory rates (as shown above), reneged, pilfered, or outright denied for Blacks in pursuit of the touted American dream of homeownership ultimately since the Emancipation Proclamation. It is like being stuck in a bullying middle school for over 157 years, Egad! And like, bullying, which is best combated with anti-bullying tactics, we now have a chance as anti-racism is taking center stage in an unprecedented movement to change the old prophecy.
At long last, we can invite everyone to our "lunch table" by ensuring that all would-be home buyers, sellers, and tenants (particularly all underrepresented) receive standardized education about:
The tenets of Fair Housing,
Predatory lending practices (recognizing and avoiding),
Deceptive marketing practices (recognizing and avoiding),
Legitimate and reputable credit repair,
Ownership rights (e.g. what rights do you have with eminent domain? etc.),
Taxation (benefits of appeals and exemptions),
Taxation (benefits of appeals and exemptions),
Downpayment funding and grants, and
The long-term effects of various real estate deals for the good of one's family legacy and community.
Friends, in the spirit of love for this beautiful land, I hope you, your team, your firm, and our associations will add standardized anti-discriminatory practices to educate all communities with the above, such as creating regularly scheduled webinars, social media campaigns, preprinted materials, mailers, email campaigns, and video series. As extra-credit, let's build and use more virtual home showings and loan applications (which the pandemic has helped normalize) to reduce the incidence of discrimination based on visible racial features still prevalent at in-person meetings as of the last HUD Report, LendingTree Mortgage Study, and Newsweek's Exposé.
Perhaps we will be able to finally pivot the panic-inducing, discriminatory prophecy "there goes the neighborhood" to an elated and welcoming "there grows the neighborhood!"
Perhaps we will be able to finally pivot the panic-inducing, discriminatory prophecy "there goes the neighborhood" to an elated and welcoming "there grows the neighborhood!"
Want more of the best practices of our nation's top producers? Grab your copy of the short read, Profit with Your Personality and, the classic, 5-star rated workbook, Plan to Win, to transform their real estate sales game plan. Or, get your "training on" with these on-demand classes. Here's to your success! #LearnWithDrLee
